68 civilization v background8/10/2023 ![]() But as the peopling of border and frontier areas in Ontario and the West continued, and as the industrialization of Québec accelerated, conflicts multiplied. These two extreme, antithetical views of Canada could co-exist so long as the English-speaking and French-speaking populations remained separate, and little social or economic interchange was required. But a pan-Canadian national vision was no part of their view of the future. Separatism was dismissed as unthinkable and impractical, in the face of the threats posed by American secularism and materialism. Confederation was a necessary evil, the least objectionable non-Catholic association for their cultural nation. The bulwark of Catholicism and of Canadien distinctiveness was to be the French language. The coming of responsible government in Nova Scotia and in the Province of Canada by 1850, and of federalism in the new Confederation, encouraged these clericalist zealots to try to "purify" Québec politics and society on conservative Catholic lines. ![]() It found fertile soil in a French Canada resentful at re-conquest by the British after the abortive Rebellions of 1837, and distrustful of North American secular democracy. Their movement had its roots in the European counter-revolution of the mid-19th century. The group's counterparts in Québec, the ultramontanes, believed in papal supremacy, in the Roman Catholic Church and in the clerical domination of society. The Canada Firsters' nationalist-imperialist vision of grandeur for their country did not admit the distinctiveness of the French, Roman Catholic culture that was a part of the nation's makeup. In English Canada the very majesty of the great land, the ambitions and idealism of the educated young and an understanding that absorption by the United States threatened a too-timid Canada, all spurred the growth of the Canada First movement in literature and politics - promoting an Anglo- Protestant race and culture in Canada, and fierce independence from the U.S. The earliest post- Confederation years saw the flowering of two significant movements of intense nationalism. Yet the tariff had support in some parts of the Maritimes. Throughout this period there were detractors who resented the CPR's monopoly or felt - as did many in the West and on the East Coast - that the high tariff principally benefited central Canada. The other objective, mass settlement of the west, largely eluded them, but success came to their Liberal successors after 1896. ![]() The government erected a high, protective customs-tariff wall to shield developing Canadian industrialism from foreign, especially American, competition. It showered the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) with cash and land grants, achieving its completion in 1885. Macdonald, and his chief Québec colleague, Sir George-Étienne Cartier, the Conservative Party - almost permanently in office until 1896 - committed itself to the expansionist National Policy. Under the leadership of the first federal prime minister, Sir John A. Alberta and Saskatchewan won provincial status in 1905, after mass immigration at the turn of the century began to fill the vast Prairie West (see Territorial Evolution). A year later, British Columbia entered Confederation on the promise of a transcontinental railway. From it were carved Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870. Rupert's Land, from northwestern Québec to the Rockies and north to the Arctic, was purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869-70. In 1867, the new state-beginning with Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Québec and Ontario-expanded extraordinarily in less than a decade, stretching from sea to sea. (2006-2014) Rise of the West (1867-1913) Immigration and Industrialization (1993-2005) Liberal Hegemony - and Collapse ![]() (1972-1980) The Inflation Curse and Regional Divides (1945-1971) Cold War and the Québec Agenda (1919-1938) Labour Unrest and the Great Depression (1867-1913) Immigration and Industrialization Its development can be broken into the following periods: Roberts / Library and Archives Canada / C-000733 Convention at Charlottetown, P.E.I., of Delegates from the Legislatures of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island to take into consideration the Union of the British North American Colonies.
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